The UNIX Industry: A Brief History

This is the transcript of a spoken talk

...And now, twenty-five years later, I find myself thrown headlong into this UNIX business and Open systems, as I'm sure many of you have been. It was a fascinating journey back to find out what happened over those twenty-five years that I've been involved with Unisys mainframe technology. That's really what this presentation is about: a journey back. I've tried to put the events that took place in UNIX in the context of the rest of the technological advances that happened over those twenty-five years. So I think you'll find it an interesting journey over time to see how things evolved the way they did.

There are those at Bell Labs and other places that consider UNIX to be the most important invention that Bell Labs or AT&T came up with besides the transistor. And if you think back on it, and think back on the impact of UNIX on the computing industry, it is probably one of the most significant advances in software technology that ever occurred. It's really fascinating to see how and why that all occurred and to see the ramifications that it's had on the industry today. UNIX had very humble beginnings, but it has a very big impact on what we're all doing today.

Thompson is really the guy who is primarily attributed with developing UNIX. He's an employee of AT&T-Bell Labs at the time-and still is. Dennis Ritchie was the co-developer. It was really those two guys working together who developed UNIX. Actually, they still work together, still develop software, still work in research at Bell Labs, and I'll say a little more about that at the end as we go through the chronology.

Another guy that is sometimes lumped in with Thompson and Ritchie in the development of some of the preliminary ideas is Rudd Canaday, but you don't see his name much. It's really Thompson and Ritchie. Bill Joy is the individual known for BSD, Berkeley Software Distribution, and he is the guy who was in charge of releasing and developing BSD and coordinating it from Berkeley. He went on to great riches and great fame as a co-founder of Sun Microsystems. He doesn't get the fame and glory that Scott McNeilly does, but he gets the money, which is just as good.

Borne wrote the Borne shell (SH), Korn wrote the Korn shell (KSH). Steve Johnson was very involved in writing a lot of the early utilities associated with UNIX. Kernighan was involved in various utilities, but was primarily involved in the C Language with Ritchie-as was Plauger, also a C language guy. Plauger wrote the first commercial C compiler. Interestingly enough, all these guys are still out there doing related things in the UNIX business.

I'm going to take you through this chronologically. It won't be as boring as it looks, but we're going to go through it year by year. We're going back to the source, the births of Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson. I don't know if anyone's taken it quite this far back, to this level of detail, but it's not all that detailed so don't panic. It's interesting just to note what age these guys are, when they appeared in the history of computing, and to put them in the context of their times.

Perhaps what is even more interesting, besides where were these guys were born, is what these guys look like. That in itself is fascinating. You might think these guys are the Wright brothers, but in fact, these are the guys. They fit some of the stereotypes we have about computer people, but they're two very bright, very creative guys who created this UNIX business and have been instrumental in seeing that it evolved the way it did. When we come to 1995, when we finally get that far, I'll tell you what they're doing right now.

It's interesting to look at some of the accidents in history that cause things to occur the way they do. In the case of UNIX, the stage was set by events going back at least as far as 1945. There were four or five things that happened over a period of years that made it possible for the whole UNIX thing to happen by the grass roots method that it did.

In 1945, AT&T was involved with an anti-trust case with the federal government. At the time, Western Electric owned half of Bell Labs and AT&T owned the other half of Bell Labs-and AT&T owned all of Western Electric. Why all that was done that way I have no idea, but that was the way it was. The federal government felt that AT&T was monopolistic, so they pushed them in 1956 into a consent decree in which AT&T agreed to make all it's patent technology licensable to the public. They were also restricted to the communications business. As a result, they couldn't be in the computer business. This big event is the reason AT&T never commercialized UNIX along the way-it wasn't allowed to. Instead, it stayed a research project and was disseminated the way that it was. Of course, this wasn't part of Thompson's and Ritchie's game plan, but it's all part of the scenario that played out.

So what were some of the other events that were taking shape back in that same period of time? In '47 Mauchly and Eckert where doing the Univac thing, which made some of our jobs possible. Ten years later, an ex-Univac employee, Bill Norris, started Control Data Corporation. Two years after that Ken Olsen started Digital Equipment Corporation with $70,000 in venture capital money and in the first year sold 53 systems. It's interesting to see what Thompson and Ritchie look like compared to what Mauchly and Eckert look like. These guys look like self-respecting businessmen. There's an interesting contrast in generations there. So there's four of our pioneers that would kind of pair off to make history for us.

One of the other significant events that was taking place at this same time was a project going on at MIT called Project MAC (Multiple Access Computers). They were doing research on time-sharing systems, trying to allow multiple users to interactively use a computer system. So time-sharing and multi-programming--all that multi-user stuff--is really evolving and taking place around 1963 and in the early '60's.

As an offshoot of that, some of the big companies came in and said this is pretty neat technologies, let's try to commercialize that. So AT&T, GE, and IBM formed a partnership with MIT and Project MAC to try to develop a time-sharing operating system called MULTIX. MULTIZ was meant to be a large multi-user system, but it turned out that this large multi-user system could only support a total of one or two users interactively which isn't exactly what IBM and AT&T had in mind when they started out on the project. (GE ultimately was able to turn MULTIX into a viable commercial product.)

Not too long after that, in 1969, AT&T Bell Labs said enough is enough, we're pulling out of this Project MAC sinkhole. Around that same time, these two guys, Thompson and Ritchie, were finishing up some education requirements. Here's another Berkeley connection: Ken Thompson got a Masters Degree in Electrical Engineering from nowhere else but Berkeley so that's the link back to why the software ends up back at Berkeley and we end up with a thread of UNIX going through the Berkeley route.

Dennis Ritchie was working and finishing up a degree in Mathematics at Harvard, and I don't really know all the details, but I guess he got a vision at the end of his course and dissertation work and decided there was no point in taking the final qualifier exam, so he decided not to get the degree. He ended up without a degree, without his Ph.D., decided to bag it and just go to work.

So we have these two guys, Thompson and Ritchie, who go to work for Bell Labs thinking they're going to work on this fantastic new operating system called MULTIX. So they're all fired up and excited and do in fact spend a little time on it but within months of when they get there, the plug gets pulled and they don't have a project. Well, no problem, because Thompson figures he could have done it better himself anyway, which is in fact the case. So he says, I'm going to write a multi-user system.

One of the main motivations for Thompson embarking on this project was that he needed a decent operating system to run his game called Space Travel on, so instead of optimizing Space Travel he decided to write a new operating system. He jumped right on it.

There was a one month period, the story goes, when his wife was away from home on vacation. With all the extra time he could really focus on this thing, he basically wrote UNIX in one month. He wrote a kernel, a shell, a file handling system, and one of the other utility sets and had a working operating system. He did this on a 4K machine with 18-bit words and that's what UNIX ran on originally. You hear the folklore of Bill Gates writing his 4K basic compiler, well Thompson wrote a 4K operating system--a 4K multi-user operating system--which is pretty impressive.

So the four components of the original system were the kernel, shell, an editor, and an assembler. So he said, well we'll do the kernel in one week, the shell in another, then we need an editor of course, so we'll spend a week on that, then we need to have something that can assemble the program, so we'll do another week on that. Think how much time you invest nowadays to put together projects like that. It is unbelievable what a few, or one, really smart person can do in a short period of time!

This is all happening in 1969-1970. I've got another tidbit here about DEC. This is the year Digital Equipment Corporation sells 250,000 PDP-11s. So that's another key event that's going to make this all possible: the minicomputer explodes on the market place. They're very cheap, and DEC makes them easily available to Universities by giving them away. So now the universities have access to real computing power. Meanwhile, we've got AT&T who isn't going to be allowed to sell this operating system that they've developed, so they end up giving it away to the universities as well.

It's interesting that all these events had to happen and you could have never planned it. You couldn't have said at the outset, we're going to make this whole thing turn out that UNIX is the most innovative, influential, operating system in the history of computing. And it really is. If you look at all the other operating systems, there are many ideas that are derived from UNIX. Look at the DOS commands. DOS took baby elements out of UNIX--it's just ideas completely extracted from UNIX.

In 1971 they published their first users manual and began the tradition of calling the releases of UNIX after the users manual, which is a neat concept. Rather than coming out with a new release and saying we've go to document it, they just accumulate enough stuff, document it and decide to have a new release. This is a nice way to do it--you don't have to wait for the documentation, because you don't have to wait for the release to get the documentation.

The original version of UNIX was written in PDP assembly language. In 1972 it was rewritten in a language called C, which is another fundamental breakthrough in the whole process--they developed this new programming language just so they could write the operating system in it.

(C is a high level language you're all probably somewhat familiar with.) So UNIX was, if not the first, one of the first, operating systems written in a high level language. It disconnected itself and positioned itself for affordability like an application program as opposed to being written in detailed assembly language. Of course at this time, they still took advantage of a lot of the idiosyncrasies of the PDP architecture.

It's always interesting to see what else was going on at the time all this happened, to see these event in the context of history. It turns out that 1969 was a watershed year for technological advances. Man landed on the moon. The first successful open-heart transplant surgery took place. I got my masters degree. Nixon became president. Yasser Arafat and the PLO came on the world scene. Golda Maier at 71 is sworn in as Israel's 4th Premiere. Concord makes it's first supersonic flight.

Artificial transplant, Charles DeGall, anti-war activists, men on the moon, Woodstock, Khadafi's early days. Free love and sex conferences in Copenhagen. And another super big one, this is the same year that the Internet gets started. The Internet is another key piece to the whole puzzle. The fact that the Internet and the interconnection to the universities all took place at the same time is the thing that made this UNIX spread as well.

Digression is response to a question from the audience: The trivia behind the name UNIX is always interesting. MULTIX is the name that came out of Project MAC. These guys being the computer people that they were, called it UNIX, which is a pun on eunuchs, spelled differently. The pun there is that UNIX was supposed to be a multi-user system but MULTIX really turned out to be a single-user system, so they're going to write a real multi-user system and call it UNIX. And to jazz the name up somewhere along the way someone changed the last letter to an x.

We'll jump ahead a little bit to 1973 and talk a little about some of the innovations. One of the revolutionary ideas in UNIX is this concept of pipes, where data can just move from program to program. Other operating system never really had this idea. Pipes allow you to write programs that do only one thing and then interconnect them very easily to perform a larger task. So the output of one program can immediately be fed in as input into another program without having to reformat, transform, manipulate and fool around with the data.

Digression is response to a question from the audience: Here's a good quote from Dennis Ritchie where he says "UNIX is simple and coherent, but it takes a genius, or at any rate a programmer, to understand and appreciate it." And in fact you might say a mathematician, because he's basically got a Ph.D. in mathematics from Harvard, which is another indication of why the languages are so terse and precise. These guys wrote it for themselves. That's the fundamental thing, they wrote UNIX for themselves, not for anybody else. And now, 25 years later, we are critiquing it based on a completely different set of standards.

It was also in 1973 that Thompson gave the first public presentation on UNIX. They'd been doing this research for four years and had developed a lot of experience with it, so in 1973 they wrote their first paper.

In 1974, that paper that Thompson had delivered orally was published as part of the Communications of the ACM, which gave it a lot of visibility in the academic community because the Communications of the ACM was the most prestigious publisher, at least at that time, of academic stuff in the computing field. Some people at Berkeley latched onto it, which is really no surprise, he's one of their own so to speak--Thompson had graduated from Berkeley, and I'm sure he still had friends and faculty and people he still had relationships with still there. So the first copy of UNIX goes out to the University of California at Berkeley. That was actually the fourth so-called release of UNIX.

Everyone knows Kernighan and Ritchie's C Programming book. If you've been involved in UNIX, it's sort of the bible for the C programming language. But the foundation for that particular book and the style of that book was actually developed by Kernighan and Plauger. These two guys set the style for C programming. It was really Plauger more Kernighan , because Plauger had written many of these programming style books and other people outside of Bell Labs at this point in time picked that style up and used it. That's the style that Kernighan and Ritchie used when they wrote the C programming book as well.

At this point, Thompson takes a sabbatical to where else but back to Berkeley. So he takes a year off from Bell Labs and goes back to do research, which I'm sure is just another year of working on UNIX at Berkeley instead of working on UNIX at Bell Labs. The advantage there is he's working with a new group of people, he's got new mental stimulation and he's got ideas coming in from other universities that he probably didn't have when he was at AT&T. So there's always been a close synergy between the two organizations.

Then it was in '76 that another one of these books came out by Plauger and Kernighan on software tools, which is in the same style as the C programming language book. Ethernet was invented in 1976 and some user groups were formed. Really the first users group was formed in '77 and not surprisingly, it was formed as a subgroup within DECUS, because at this point in time the only machine that UNIX ran on was Digital Equipment Corporation's PDP systems. Those were the only machines and they proliferated throughout the university and UNIX proliferated along with it.

By this time, the Internet, then called the Arpanet, was cranking pretty well and was an effective means of exchanging ideas and what not. So all that stuff happening at the same time synergistically encouraged lots of activities.

In '78 Berkeley makes their first release of the software. They basically released it to other universities who had participated in making improvements to it. And coincidentally, this is another quirk of fate, this guy Bill Joy was at Berkeley getting his Ph.D. and he happened to get the job of being in charge of this particular lab and having responsibility for this UNIX stuff. It turned out to be a pretty fortuitous crossing of events because he subsequently left Berkeley and co-founded Sun Microsystems.

It was in '78 that the first non-DEC UNIX port was done to an Interdata 832, another minicomputer. But in the first ten years of UNIX's existence it only ran on Digital Equipment Corporation machines. That has to be one of the greatest missed opportunities of all time. DEC never capitalized on this. In fact, when AT&T got a VAX computer, an upgrade from the PDP system, Thompson and Ritchie refused to port it, or move it up to the VAX system, because Digital wouldn't support and endorse UNIX.

The point that I wanted to make earlier, which obviously I passed, is that the first application that ran on UNIX was an AT&T patent application, managing patent data within AT&T. They got a new PDP system for that patent application but by the time they got that...

Editor's note: A small portion of the talk was lost during recording as the cassette changed sides.

...A Series or 2200 system, keep the OS. I don't really need it. Just give me the hardware. But that's an interesting tidbit I forgot earlier. So they never did install the OS on it.

It was also at this time that Plauger formed a company called Whitesmiths--which I think is the opposite of blacksmiths--and sold the first commercial C compiler. Santa Cruz Operations started operations as well at that time.

In 1979 the seventh edition of UNIX comes, which is the last one before they changed to the system 5 kind of release numbers and notations. It's the first time Bell Labs ever put a TM on something. They recognized something of value, so they put a TM on the UNIX name and they called it the UNIX time sharing system. Which is really what UNIX is, a multi-user time-sharing system. They have still not registered a patent or a trademark on UNIX. I don't know exactly why.

The UNIX users group that formed--USENIX--was really an academic group. All these universities had source license agreements and in order to participate you had to have such a license. It was also in 1979 that there started to be some commercial users of UNIX, but they couldn't attend the users group meeting because they didn't have source licenses. They were just commercial users and had object code versions, not source code versions. So that formed the stage for some competition in the users group area.

In 1980, the BSD version goes back to Bell Labs, who incorporate many of the ideas back into UNIX. As a matter of fact, many of the innovations for UNIX came via the Berkeley channel back into Bell Labs. It was in 1980 that Berkeley got a DARPA contract. (DARPA was the organization that funded the Arpanet and ultimately the Internet.) This group at Berkeley called the computer system research group was formed and that's the one that tends to be known and associated with UNIX at Berkeley.

1980 is also the year that SCO decides to become a distributor for Microsoft XENIX. And a point I didn't make in '79 is that in '79 Microsoft was a distributor and reseller of XENIX as well, before they really pushed with DOS. DOS didn't really come on the scene until '81. So they started with UNIX as their so-called robust operating system they were going to push, and then of course the IBM PC came out and they latched onto DOS, pushing UNIX to the background. They said, we've got a pretty good thing going here so we'll stick with it. It was in '81 that the IBM PC came out and Microsoft's interest in DOS replaced any real interest or focus they saw in the UNIX market.

In '82 Bill Joy leaves the Berkeley group and co-founds Sun Microsystems. AT&T makes its first commercial release of UNIX. HP gets in the business with HP-UX on its 9000 work station. DEC releases a version of UNIX called ULTRIX and IBM has one called CPIX.

In 1983, Thompson and Ritchie receive industry recognition by being award the ACM Turing award, from which that quote that I started out with was taken. The Turing award is probably the most prestigious award you can receive in the academic computer science community.

In 1984, there was an article in fortune magazine stating that of the 750 universities giving computer science degrees, 80% had UNIX licenses. It gives you an idea of how pervasive UNIX was in the academic community and how it's not so surprising that when all these people graduated from college, that's what they knew. That's what operating systems were, that's what they knew how to work. They were comfortable with it. They weren't intimidated by the arcane commands and so on.

If you just add up the number of computer science graduates and people that were exposed to UNIX before they graduated from college, it's anywhere from 1/4- to 1/2- million people. That's a lot of brainwashing, a lot of grass roots influence, to "own" these graduates who have formed the foundation of our work force throughout industries. So it's not so surprising that UNIX has been as pervasive as it has. Of course that's changing now with DOS, with Microsoft, but they don't teach DOS as an operating system like they're going to teach in a university, so UNIX is still going to be the operating system of choice to teach multi-programming, multi-tasking, memory management, and all the complexities that one associates with an operating system that don't really exist in DOS. Maybe that will change with Windows but we'll have to see.

X/Open was formed in 1984 and X/Open is now the company that brands and certifies whether or not an operating system is really a UNIX operating system and can be called UNIX.

Digression is response to a question from the audience: So what is UNIX? Obviously UNIX is an operating system, that's what we think it is, but it's actually a Trademark. UNIX is a set of four letters that is a trademark currently owned by X/Open company in the UK. They didn't start trademarking it until 1979, when they put the TM, and didn't register it until 1985. In fact, just for kicks I had my attorney do a trademark search on it and look up the lineage of the dates that things happened. May 13, 1985 the mark was registered for computer hardware. They stated that the mark was first used in December 1984. So they initially saw the value as a mark to be used on equipment.

June 24, 1985 they made another filing for the mark under computer software. The first date of usage they cited there was 1972. So they jumped back in time. It's pretty amazing that you can do that. That that many years can elapse and you can register the mark even though it's been out there and been used. Then there were a series of transfers between companies I'll highlight in a bit, but the upshot of all that is that the mark was given by Novell to the standards organization called X/Open in the UK and that the standards organization now has responsibility for certifying that a particular operating systems meets a set of standards that can be called UNIX. So they license the right, and qualify the right for a version of an operating system to be called UNIX.

To put things into perspective for us Unisys people, 1986 is the year that Unisys was born and another bit of trivia, 1985 is the year Burroughs celebrated it's 100th year of existence. So Blumenthal really did a number on a company with a lot of history and a lot of success. So Burroughs ceased to exist after 100 years, Blumenthal made a lot of money, and subsequently retired to France. The rest is history with Sperry and Burroughs trying to survive as a company called Unisys and recreate themselves in this open market.

I didn't find any events in 1987--it must have been a slow year.

The UNIX wars were fast and furious and hard in the late 80's and early 90's. Everyone was jockeying for position, trying to get market share. AT&T recognized that Sun was a market leader so they bought 20% of Sun and wanted to form an alliance and build a partnership with Sun. Of course that made all the other guys completely panic so the other companies formed another consortium called The Open Software Foundation (OSF). That was IBM, DEC, HP, and a few lesser players. They said we're going to form ours and build our UNIX and they battled it out like that for a while.

There's another interesting development in '88 with David Cutler, who was the original designer and developer of VMS, Digital's operating system for the VAX. He was hired by Microsoft to build a new operating system for Microsoft that became Microsoft Windows NT. They also started looking at this mock kernel as a vehicle, or as a basis, for some of their development. Subsequently, they did adopt the mock kernel, which was also adopted by OSF and has been adopted by other organizations as the nucleus for their operating systems.

In 1989 the C language was standardized by ANSI, HP became the second largest shipper of UNIX workstations behind Sun, and Microsoft confused SCO with some money. I don't what ever happened with that, if they still own part of SCO or not. So the industry is still reacting to this AT&T and Sun alliance. OSF is trying to build a foundation to compete with them. One of the things that has come out of OSF which is certainly significant is the Motif user interface which is the basis for X/Windows and that came out at MIT.

It was in 1990 that UNIX International, which was a subsidiary of AT&T, released SVR4 which is still the standard UNIX version that's out there now, so that's been around quite a while and everyone is just sort of tweaking and modifying and revising that for their hardware. But that particular version of UNIX, which is an amalgamation of System 5, BSD, and XENIX, is by far and away the most standard version of UNIX in the commercial market place.

In 1991 AT&T incorporated the UNIX systems laboratory USL with a consortium of other companies to control the development of UNIX. I don't understand sub-this , sub-that, all the legal ramifications of it, but they formed a lot of subsidiaries and ultimately Novell ended up buying into this and is now the owner of the UNIX operating system, which I'll come to in just a minute. AT&T acquired NCR and it subsequently became AT&T GIS. It's impossible to keep all these mergers and what not straight. It was really a time of incredible change of ownership and alliances taking place in the late 80's early 90's.

In 1992 AT&T decides it doesn't need Sun anymore, because it's decided how it wants to deal with the UNIX source code, so it divests itself of it's ownership in Sun. And Digital's seen some rough items and it's founder, Ken Olsen, resigns pretty much as DEC introduces it's Alpha AXP, which was considered to be a pretty revolutionary 64-bit RISC processor. It's interesting to note that the new releases of the Intel chip are going to be 64-bit based. I don't know if it's the P6 or the P7 but the next two or three levels out will be a 64-bit processor, which is going to mean some big changes for operating system and hardware designers as well.

1993 Novell buys USL, which owns the UNIX source code and the UNIX name, from AT&T. Then they decide they'll give the name UNIX to the X/Open organization. So Novell owns the UNIX source code. X/Open owns the UNIX name and X/Open decides who can use the UNIX name. Novell has sold some source code licenses to other organizations, one of which is Sun. I'm sure they've sold others as well. The one they sold to Sun they sold for $82 million. So they probably did OK on that investment.

A little bit of trivia: Novell has sold 35,000 copies of UNIXWare 93 and Microsoft has sold 250,000 copies of Windows NT. That obviously is a war we don't know the result of yet or the winner of yet.

It was in 1993 that the Berkeley CSRG group disbanded. So the world has radically changed. All these events that made UNIX possible don't really exist anymore. There's not that consortium of free distribution. The Berkeley group, which was the catalyst and focal point that made it all happen, no longer exists. There was a source code version, if you're interested in looking at the BSD version, which is very similar to the System 5 release 4 version you can get through O'Rielly publishers and what the guys at Berkeley did, they published the source code as their final act. They said, if we're out of the game and we're not playing politics anymore, we're publishing all the source code and they were immediately sued by Novell. So they haggled over what was public and what wasn't public. They went through it subroutine by subroutine or C line by C line and said no, we wrote that, no, University of Stellenbash wrote that, no, University of Toronto wrote that, no, no, no. And they got it to the point that 90% of the source code that was in the version of BSD that they were releasing could be traced outside of Novell, who owned it at that time. So that's what's published. You can buy a CD ROM for $40 or $50 from O'Rielly Publishers and you can see 90% of the source code that's used in the operating system. One of the guys that was on the BSD team has formed a company called BSDI and they wrote the next 10-15% they needed to make it a full operating system. They sell that with the source code for $1,000 with support. They settled the lawsuit with Novell but one of the things they can't do is get near the word UNIX so it's called BSD OS but it's 90% UNIX.

Last week I was at the Uniforum conference, which is the major users group meeting for UNIX. Dennis Ritchie was there at an AT&T booth distributing a free demo disk of AT&T's new operating system called Plan 9. So now that UNIX is history, the future is Plan 9. But will events ever coalesce to make something like UNIX happen again? When you think about it, has a really successful software product occurred that was planned?

Think of the products that swept the market. DOS was an accident. Bill Gate bought that for $25,000, made some modifications to it, got royalties from IBM, and made zillions of dollars. It's not like that was a strategic plan, a strategic move in that case. He took advantage of an opportunity and the opportunity made an immense amount of money and was phenomenally successful. But if you go back and look at what you consider to be the most successful products, the most revolutionary products, they don't start out with a grand strategic plan in the market place to dominate the industry. A lot of people have tried to do it and the guy who's trying to do it now is Bill Gates.

Gates's vision is to dominate the world with Windows, Windows 95 and Windows NT. He has stated that that is his goal. "I want Windows NT to be the dominate operating system in the computer business." And I'll say to people how do you think the war is shaping up between NT and UNIX and they'll say that's no war, these operating systems can co-exist. That's nonsense. Gates doesn't want co-existence, he want's domination. That's absolutely what he wants.

The keynote speaker at Uniforum last week was the CEO of Silicon Graphics, which is a big shipper of hardware in the UNIX market place. He got up and said Silicon Graphics never has had, does not have, and never will have an NT operating system running on it's box. If that's not war, I don't know what it is. It's certainly a pretty strong battle. He's up in front of about 15,000 people frothing at the mouth, and he's using words like freedom. This is freedom. This is America. We need to protect ourselves. So I think there is a war taking place and it's going to be interesting to see how it all comes out.